Does work stress & workplace incivility influence Employee Turnover Intentions? Mediating Role of Work-family Conflict
Article Sidebar
-
Work Stress, Workplace Incivility, Work-Family Conflict, Turnover Intention, Hospitals Industry, Nurses Turnover
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of work stress and workplace incivility on turnover intention and work-family conflict. As well as the role of work-family conflict in mediating the relationship between work stress, workplace incivility, and turnover intention. The data was collected by distributing 573 questionnaires to nurses working in the healthcare sector in Punjab, Pakistan. The SPSS (23) statistical package was used to analyze the data, and the model was evaluated using partial least squares (Smart PLS 3.3). The findings showed that workplace stress and incivility had a direct positive effect on turnover intention. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between work stress and workplace incivility, as well as a negative relationship between work-family conflict and workplace incivility. Work-family conflict positively mediates the relationship between work stress and turnover intention, but there is no such relationship between workplace incivility and turnover intention. The results provide empirical evidence that work stress, and workplace incivility, are positively related to intent to leave the organization. Furthermore, the conceptual framework of this study can be a guide for future research on turnover intention. This study is unique, as it is the first study conducted on work stress and workplace incivility in a hospitality setting. The study responded to scholarly calls made to enrich the literature pertaining to work stress, workplace incivility, and its outcomes.
Full text article
References
Abdullah, M. A., Mukhtar, F., Wazir, S., Gilani, I., Gorar, Z. & Shaikh, B. T. (2014). The health workforce crisis in Pakistan: a critical review and the way forward. World Health Popul, 15(3), 4-12.
Aboobaker, N., & Edward, M. (2020). Collective influence of work-family conflict and work-family enrichment on turnover intention: exploring the moderating effects of individual differences. Global Business Review, 21(5), 1218-1231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919857015
Abrar, M., Bashir, M., Nureen, N., Shahzadi, Q. (2019). Workplace Terror and its Consequences: Perception of Newly Graduated Nurses of Public Sector Hospitals. Pacific Business Review International, 11(8), 62-73.
Agustini, S. S., Queck, A., & Specht, E. (2008). Modeling of the regenerative heat flow of the wall indirect-fired rotary kilns. Heat Transfer Engineering, 29(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01457630701677171
Ahmad, A. & Omar, Z. (2013). Abusive supervision and deviant workplace behavior: The mediating role of work-family conflict. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 9(2), 124- 130.
Ahmad, I. (2021). Emotional Regulation as a Remedy for Teacher Burnout in Special Schools: Evaluating School Climate, Teacher’s Work-Life Balance and Children Behaviour. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655850
Ahmad, I., Thurasamy, R., Shahzad, A., Ullah, M. I., Hussain, A., & Ansari, H. W. A. (2023). COVID-19 impact on dairy sector: The mediating role of knowledge sharing and trust on innovation capability. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v26i1.4591
Allen, S. (2019). 2019 Global health care outlook: Shaping the future.
Amayandeh, H., Juhari, R., & Yaacob, S.N. (2011). The effect of job satisfaction and family satisfaction on work-family conflict (W-FC) and family-work conflict (F-WC) among married female nurses in Shiraz-Iran. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p88
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C.M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiralling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452-471. https://doi.org/10.2307/259136
Arevalo, T. (2020). The State of Health Care Industry (2020). Retrieved from: https://policyadvice.net/health-insurance/insights/health-care-industry/ dated: 27/09/2020
Armstrong, G. S., Atkin-Plunk, C. A., & Wells, J. (2015). The relationship between work-family conflict, correctional officer job stress, and job satisfaction. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 42(10), 1066-1082. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815582221
Asghar, M., Gull, N., Bashir, M., & Akbar, M. (2018). The Impact of Work-Family Conflict on Turnover Intentions: The Moderating Role of Perceived Family Supporting Supervisor Behaviour. Journal of Hotel & Business Management, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0286.1000178
Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organisational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and modulating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(8), 951-968. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.283
Ayenagbo, k. (2022). Impact of Globalization, Women's Empowerment, and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). International Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review, 4(2), 1-09. https://doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v4i2.157
Azlina, A.A. and Mustapha, N.N. (2012), "Energy, economic growth and pollutant emissions nexus: the case of Malaysia", Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.082
Basel, A. S., & Fayza, A.B. (2015) Employee turnover, causes, the relationship between turnover and productivity and recommendations to reduce it. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), 2015
Begley, T.M. (1994). Expressed and suppressed anger as predictors of health problems. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(6), 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150603
Blomme, R. J., Van Rheede, A., & Tromp, D.M. (2010). Work-family conflict as a cause for turnover intentions in the hospitality industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), 269-285. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.15
Boyar, S. L., Maertz Jr, C. P., Pearson, A. W. & Keough, S. (2003). Work-family conflict: A model of linkages between work and family domain variables and turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Issues, XV(2), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1037/e518712013-302
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009
Carlson, D., Ferguson, M., Hunter, E. & Whitten, D. (2012). Abusive supervision and work-family conflict: The path through emotional labour and burnout. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 849-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.05.003
Carpenter, N. C., Berry, C. M., & Houston, L. (2014). A meta?analytic comparison of self?reported and other?reported organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(4), 547-574. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1909
Chen, IH, Brown, R, Bowers, B. J., & Chang, WY (2015). Work?to?family conflict as a mediator of the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(10), 2350-2363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12706
Chi, N. W., Yang, J., & Lin, C. Y. (2018). Service worker chain reactions to daily customer mistreatment: Behavioral linkages, mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000050
Cohen, J. (1988). Set correlation and contingency tables. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12(4), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168801200410
Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1579-1605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311418835
Demsky, C. A., Fritz, C., Hammer, L.B. & Black, A.E. (2018). Workplace incivility and employee sleep: The role of rumination and recovery experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 24(2), 228-240. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000116
Dodanwala, T. C., San Santoso, D., & Shrestha, P. (2022). The mediating role of work-family conflict on role overload and job stress linkage. Built Environment Project and Asset Management (ahead-of-print). 12(6), 924-939. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-12-2021-0153
Du Prel, J. B., & Peter, R. (2015). Work-family conflict as a mediator in the association between work stress and depressive symptoms: cross-sectional evidence from the German lidA-cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88 (13), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0967-0
Duong, M. T., Hussain, I. A., & Subramaniam, A. (2020). Job stress, co-worker support, role expectation conflict and work-life balance among working women: A Quantitative study on Multinational Companies in Vietnam. Test Engineering and Management, 82(1-2), 744-749.
Ebrahimi, H., Hassankhani, H., Negarandeh, R., Jeffrey, C., & Azizi, A. (2017). Violence against new graduated nurses in clinical settings: A qualitative study. Nursing Ethics, 24(6), 704-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015624486
Ferguson, M. (2012). You cannot leave it at the office: Spillover and crossover of coworker incivility. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 33(4), 571-588. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.774
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Gallo, L. C., & Matthews, K. A. (2003). Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role? Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 10-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.10
Ginter, P. M., Duncan, W. J., & Swayne, L. E. (2018). The Strategic Management of Health care Organizations. John Wiley & Sons.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214
Gull, N., Asghar, M., Bashir, M., Liu, X., & Xiong, Z. (2023). Does a family-supportive supervisor reduce the effect of work-family conflict on emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions? A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Conflict Management, 34(2), 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-03-2022-0046
Hair, JF, Hult, GTMM, Ringle, CTMM, Sarstedt, MTM & Thiele, KOM (2017). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: A Comparative Evaluation of Composite-Based Structural Equation Modelling Methods Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45, 616-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0517-x
Hair, Jr., JF, Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: Part I-method. European Business Review, 28 (1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094
Han, S. S., Han, J. W. & Choi, E. H. (2015). Effects of nurses' job stress and work-family conflict on turnover intention: Focused on the mediating effect of coping strategies. Asian Women, 31(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.14431/aw.2015.09.31.3.1
Haq, I. U. (2014, June). Workplace ostracism and job outcomes: Moderating effects of psychological capital. In Human Capital without Borders: Knowledge and learning for quality of life: Proceedings of the management, knowledge and learning international conference (Vol. 2014).
Harun, I., Mahmood, R., & Som, H. M. (2020). Role Stressors And Turnover Intention Among Doctors In Malaysian Public Hospitals: Work-Family Conflict And Work Engagement As Mediators. PSU Research Review. 6(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-08-2020-0025
Heaphy, E. D. & Dutton, J. E. (2008). Positive Social Interactions And The Human Body At Work: Linking Organizations And Physiology. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 137-162. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.27749365
Helmle, J. R., Botero, I. C., & Seibold, D. R. (2014). Factors that influence perceptions of work-life balance in owners of copreneurial firms. Journal of Family Business Management, 4(2), 110-132. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-06-2014-0013
Hendryadi, H. & Zannati, R. (2018). Hubungan Workplace Incivility Dan Turnover Intention: Efek Moderasi Gender. INOVASI, 14(2), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.29264/jinv.v14i2.4088
Henseler, j., ringle, c. M., & Sarstedt, m. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The Influence of Culture, Community, And The Nested?Self In The Stress Process: Advancing Conservation Of Resources Theory. Applied psychology, 50(3), 337-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Isenhour, L. C., Stone, D. L., Lien, D., Zhang, M., Griffeth, R. W., & Fried, D.D. (2012). Work?family conflict and individual consequences. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 27(7), 696-713. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211259520
Islam, T., Ahmad, R., Ahmed, I., & Ahmer, Z. (2019). Police work-family nexus, work engagement and turnover intention: Moderating role of person-job-fit. Policing: An International Journal. 42(5),739-750. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2018-0138
Kazi, G. M., & Zadeh, Z. F. (2011). The contribution of individual variables: Job satisfaction and job turnover. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, 3(5), 984-991.
Khan, T. M., Gang, B., Fareed, Z., & Khan, A. (2021). How does CEO tenure affect corporate social and environmental disclosures in China? Moderating role of information intermediaries and independent board. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 9204-9220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11315-9
Khan, Z. U., & Muhyuldeen, G. (2020). Investigating the Relationship of Job Stress and Turnover Intentions by Taking Work-Family Conflict and Family Work Conflict as Mediators. Global Sociological Review, V (IV), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(V-IV).04
Kim, H., & Kao, D. (2014). A meta-analysis of turnover intention predictors among US child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 47, 214-223.Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford Press https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.015
Kim, H., & Kao, D. (2014). A meta-analysis of turnover intention predictors among US child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 47(3), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.015
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. Canadian Studies in Population, 45(3), 95-188. https://doi.org/10.25336/csp29418
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work-family conflict: A meta?analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family?specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel psychology, 64(2), 289-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x
Kusumanegara, I.S. (2018). The Analysis of Factors Constructing Employee Productivity in the Operational Field in PT. Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Branch Lombok. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 5(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v5i1.595
Laeeque, S. H., Bilal, A., Babar, S., Khan, Z., & Ul Rahman, S. (2018). How patient-perpetrated workplace violence leads to turnover intention among nurses: the mediating mechanism of occupational stress and burnout. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(1), 96-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1410751
LaVan, H., & Martin, W. M. (2008). Bullying in the US workplace: Normative and process-orientated ethical approaches. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(2), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9608-9
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company.
Lim, S., & Lee, A. (2011). Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(1), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021726
Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95
Lim, V. K., & Teo, T.S. (2009). Mind your E-manners: Impact of cyber incivility on employees' work attitude and behavior. Information & Management, 46(8), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2009.06.006
Lu, Y., Hu, X. M., Huang, X. L., Zhuang, X. D., Guo, P., Feng, L. F., ... & Hao, Y.T. (2017). The relationship between job satisfaction, work stress, work-family conflict, and turnover intention among physicians in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 7(5), 014894. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014894
Mahfooz, Z., Arshad, A., Nisar, Q. A., Ikram, M., & Azeem, M. (2017). Does workplace incivility & workplace ostracism influence the employees' turnover intentions? Mediating role of burnout and job stress & moderating role of psychological capital. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(8), 398-413. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i8/3244
Mahmud, A., & Parkhurst, M. (2007). The role of the healthcare sector in expanding economic opportunity. FSG.
Malik, M. S., & Sattar, S. (2019). Effects of Despotic Leadership and Sexual Harassment On Emotional Exhaustion of Employees In Health Sector Of Pakistan: Moderating Role of organizational cynicism. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 5(2), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i2.587
Maloney, K. L. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Registered Nurses' Workplace Expectations, Realities, and Job Satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado Technical University).
Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O., & Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(4), 408-414.
Mohammad, A., & Wang, Q. (2019). Factors Contributing Job Satisfaction and Job Performance Of Nurses In The Healthcare Industry.
Namayandeh, H., Juhari, R., & Yaacob, S. N. (2011). The effect of job satisfaction and family satisfaction on work-family conflict (W-FC) and family-work conflict (F-WC) among married female nurses in Shiraz-Iran. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p88
Naseer, A., Perveen, K., Afzal, M., Waqas, A., & Gillani, S. A. (2017). The impact of leadership styles on staff nurses’ turnover intentions. Saudi J Med Pharm Sci, 4929(10B), 1133-1138. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2017.v03i10.020
Naveed, A., Tharani, A., & Alwani, N. (2010). Sexual harassment at workplace: are you safe?. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 22(3), 222-224. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1385.012
Nazir, T., Ahmad, U. N. B. U., Nawab, S., & Shah, S. F. H. (2016). Mediating role of organizational cynicism in relationship between role stressors and turnover intention: evidence from healthcare sector of Pakistan. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(2), 199-204.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
Ong, M. H. A., & Puteh, F. (2017). Quantitative data analysis: Choosing between SPSS, PLS, and AMOS in social science research. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1), 14-25.
Pang, Y., Dan, H., Jung, H., Bae, N., & Kim, O. (2020). Depressive symptoms, professional quality of life and turnover intention in Korean nurses. International Nursing Review, 67(3), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12600
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A. & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behaviour: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438
Qureshi, M. A., Ab Hamidm, K. B., Jeihoony, P., Ali, R., Brohi, N. A., Magsi, R., & Shah, S. M. M. (2018). Is supervisor support matter in job satisfaction? A moderating role of fairness perception among nurses in Pakistan. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(6), 1-10.
Rad, A. M. M., & Yarmohammadian, M. H. (2006). A study of the relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Leadership in Health Services, 9(2), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/13660750610665008
Rafique, k.s., & Nazir, K.I. (2018). Human resource for the impact of health policy. Policy Roundtable on Human Resources for Health, Punjab Public Health Agency. Retried from: http://www.ppha.punjab.gov.pk/news-and-highlights/hr-health.html dated: 09/08/2020.
Rahim, A. & Cosby, D. M. (2016). A model of workplace incivility, job burnout, turnover intentions, and job performance. Journal of Management Development, 35(10), 1255-1265. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2015-0138
Ramayah, T. J. F. H., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using smartPLS 3.0. An updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis (2nd ed). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson.
Riasat, F., & Nisar, Q. A. (2016). Does workplace incivility influence employee job stress and turnover intentions by modulating the role of psychological capital? A descriptive study on banking sector Gujranwala; Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 7(12), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2016.12.006
Salkind, N.J. (2012). Exploring Research, Eight Edition. USA: Perason Education.
Sekeran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sharma, N. & Singh, V. K. (2016). Effect of Workplace Incivility on Job Satisfaction and turnover Intention in India. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 5(2), 234-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJGBR-02-2015-0020
Shin, S., Oh, S. J., Kim, J., Lee, I., & Bae, S. H. (2020). Impact of nurse staffing on intent to leave, job satisfaction, and occupational injuries in Korean hospitals: A cross?sectional study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 22(3), 658-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12709
Shukla, S. & Sinha, S. (2017). Communicative sensitivity in palliative care: a case on the "Happiness Angels" of Rajbala Foundation. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 7(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-05-2016-0063
Spector, P. E., & Goh, A. (2001). The role of emotions in the occupational stress process. Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being, 1, 195-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(01)01013-7
Summer, L., & Hoadley, J. (2014). The role of Medicaid managed care in health delivery system innovation. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
Tasneem, S., Cagatan, A. S., Avci, M. Z., & Basustaoglu, A. C. (2018). Job satisfaction of health service providers working in a public tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. The Open Public Health Journal, 11(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010017
Teo, T.S. H., Srivastava, S.C. & Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and electronic government success: An empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99-132. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222250303
Tremmel, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2018). A sorrow halved? A daily diary study on talking about experienced workplace incivility and next-morning negative affect. Journal of Occupational Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000100
Vahey, D. C., Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Clarke, S. P., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(2), II57-II66. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000109126.50398.5a
Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013). The development and validation of the Incivility from Customers Scale. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 310-326. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032753
World Health Organization. (2017). Global diffusion of eHealth: making universal health coverage achievable: Report of the Third Global Survey on eHealth. World Health Organization.
Yildiz, B., Yildiz, H., & Ayaz Arda, O. (2021). Relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention in nurses: A meta?analytic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(8), 3317-3330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14846
Zunaidah, Z., Nengyanti, N. & Hadjri, M. I. (2019). Work Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: Case Study on Regional Development Banks in Southern Sumatera. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(7), 583-586. http://repository.unsri.ac.id/id/eprint/99341
Authors
Copyright (c) 2023 Shahid Mehmood, Azelin Aziz, Nurul Sharniza Husin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
IJSSER is committed to an open-access model for publishing, ensuring that all of its content is freely available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0. This policy empowers researchers, academicians, and the general public to freely download, copy, print, and access the links to the full texts of published materials at no cost. Furthermore, authors are encouraged to read, distribute, and submit the published works to their institution's library and any other appropriate repositories.
Article Details
How to Cite
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Israr Ahmad, Shahid Mehmood, Rituals of Openness: Vulnerability Practices in Multidisciplinary Professional Settings Beyond Healthcare , Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review: Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025)